Who ruled the world in 1900?
The world wars: 51 states on the map for 1900, 51 with a known leader. Open the interactive map and move the slider to 1900 to see their borders.
| State | Led by in 1900 |
|---|---|
| Austro-Hungarian Empire | Franz Joseph I (emperor) |
| Basutoland | Lerotholi (Paramount Chief) |
| Bolivia | José Manuel Pando (President) |
| Bourbon Restoration of Spain | Alfonso XIII (King); Francisco Silvela (Prime minister); Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero (Prime minister) |
| Brunei | Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin (Sultan) |
| Buganda | Daudi Cwa II (Kabaka) |
| Ecuador | Eloy Alfaro (President) |
| El Salvador | Tomás Regalado (President) |
| Emirate of Afghanistan | Abdur Rahman Khan (Emir) |
| Empire of Japan | Meiji (Emperor); Yamagata Aritomo (Prime minister); Itō Hirobumi (Prime minister) |
| Ethiopian Empire | Menelik II (Emperor) |
| First Brazilian Republic | Campos Sales (President) |
| First Costa Rican Republic | Rafael Yglesias Castro (President) |
| France | Émile Loubet (President); Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau (President of the Council of ministers) |
| German Empire | Wilhelm II (emperor); Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (Chancellor); Bernhard von Bülow (Chancellor) |
| Honduras | Terencio Sierra (President) |
| Khedivate of Egypt | Abbas II (Khedive); Mostafa Fahmy Pasha (Prime minister) |
| Kingdom of Ashanti | Prempeh I (Asantehene) |
| Kingdom of Burundi | Mwezi IV (King) |
| Kingdom of Greece | George I (King); Georgios Theotokis (Prime minister) |
| Kingdom of Italy | Umberto I (King); Victor Emmanuel III (king); Luigi Pelloux (Prime minister); Giuseppe Saracco (Prime minister) |
| Kingdom of Romania | Charles I (King); Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino (Prime minister); Petre P. Carp (Prime minister) |
| Kingdom of Rwanda | Yuhi V Musinga (King) |
| Kingdom of Serbia | Alexander (King); Vladan Đorđević (President of the ministry); Aleksa Jovanović (President of the ministry) |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands | Wilhelmina (Queen); Nicolaas Pierson (Prime minister) |
| Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70) | George Tupou II (King); Siosateki Veikune (Prime minister) |
| Korean Empire | Gojong (Emperor) |
| Kuba Kingdom | Mishanga Pelenge (Nyim) |
| Liberia | William D. Coleman (President); Garretson W. Gibson (President) |
| Luxembourg | Adolphe (Grand Duke); Paul Eyschen (Prime minister) |
| Muscat and Oman | Faisal (Sultan) |
| Nicaragua | José Santos Zelaya (President) |
| Orange Free State | Martinus Theunis Steyn (State President) |
| Ottoman Empire | Abdul Hamid II (Sultan); Halil Rifat Pasha (Grand Vizier) |
| Portugal | Carlos I (King); José Luciano de Castro (Prime minister); Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro (Prime minister) |
| Principality of Bulgaria | Ferdinand I (Prince) |
| Principality of Montenegro | Nikola I (Sovereign prince); Božo Petrović-Njegoš (President) |
| Qing dynasty | Guangxu (Emperor) |
| Rattanakosin Kingdom | Chulalongkorn (King) |
| Republic of Haiti (1859–1957) | Tirésias Simon Sam (President) |
| Russian Empire | Nicholas II (emperor); Ivan Durnovo (Chairman of the committee of ministers) |
| Second Dominican Republic | Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra (President) |
| Sokoto Caliphate | Abdur Rahman Atiku (Sultan); Muhammadu al-Bukhari (Grand Vizier) |
| South African Republic | Schalk Willem Burger (Acting State President) |
| Sublime State of Persia | Mozaffar al-Din (Shah) |
| Sultanate of Zanzibar | Hamoud (Sultan) |
| Sweden–Norway | Oscar II (King); Erik Gustaf Boström (Prime minister); Fredrik von Otter (Prime minister); Otto Blehr (Prime minister); Johannes Steen (Prime minister) |
| Switzerland | Walter Hauser (President of the Confederation) |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Victoria (Queen); Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (Prime minister) |
| United States of Venezuela | Cipriano Castro (President) |
| Uruguay | Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (President) |